![]() Humans contain fewer nucleotide pairs (about 3.2 billion in each germ cell – note the exact size of the human genome is still being revised) than A. Amoeba dubia has a genome of 700 billion nucleotide pairs spread across thousands of chromosomes. In contrast, eukaryotes, both unicellular and multicellular such as Amoeba dubia and humans ( Homo sapiens) respectively, have much larger genomes (see C-value paradox). influenzae has a genome of 1,830,140 base pairs of DNA. After it, the genomes of other bacteria and some archaea were first sequenced, largely due to their small genome size. The first organism whose entire genome was fully sequenced was Haemophilus influenzae in 1995. In 1992, yeast chromosome III was the first chromosome of any organism to be fully sequenced. The first virus to have its complete genome sequenced was the Bacteriophage MS2 by 1976. Several whole bacteriophage and animal viral genomes were sequenced by these techniques, but the shift to more rapid, automated sequencing methods in the 1990s facilitated the sequencing of the larger bacterial and eukaryotic genomes. The DNA sequencing methods used in the 1970s and 1980s were manual for example, Maxam–Gilbert sequencing and Sanger sequencing. This genome was particularly difficult to sequence because it had many repeated sequences which are difficult to organise. It took 10 years and 50 scientists spanning the globe to sequence the genome of Elaeis guineensis ( oil palm). In addition, whole genome sequencing should not be confused with methods that sequence specific subsets of the genome – such methods include whole exome sequencing (1–2% of the genome) or SNP genotyping (< 0.1% of the genome). Whole genome sequencing should not be confused with DNA profiling, which only determines the likelihood that genetic material came from a particular individual or group, and does not contain additional information on genetic relationships, origin or susceptibility to specific diseases. The tool of gene sequencing at SNP level is also used to pinpoint functional variants from association studies and improve the knowledge available to researchers interested in evolutionary biology, and hence may lay the foundation for predicting disease susceptibility and drug response. In the future of personalized medicine, whole genome sequence data may be an important tool to guide therapeutic intervention. Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research tool, but was being introduced to clinics in 2014. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Whole genome sequencing ( WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time.
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